Freddie Mercury: The Final Tribute

Born to Western Indian parents who had immigrated to Zanzibar, Farrokh Bulsara (1946-91) showed an early inclination for the arts. His family moved to England when he was 17, which soon led to the teenager playing in bands around London, later meeting guitarist Brian Mays and drummer Roger Taylor. The trio founded Queen in 1970 and brought on bassist John Deacon a year later. Bulsara also changed his name then to Freddie Mercury

Rock band Queen, 1973.

L->R drummer Roger Taylor, singer Freddie Mercury, guitarist Brian May, bassist John Deacon,  Getty

Mercury lived at his Kensington home, Garden Lodge. He bought the property in 1980 and lived there permanently. Mercury kept private his personal life yet it was known that despite romances with men, he lived most of his later life with his best friend and common-law wife Mary Austin.

Freddie Mercury, Wembley Stadium, 1985, Facebook

The crowd was huge, 1985

Over the 1980s decade, with their blend of glam and heavy metal rock, Queen rocketed to international superstardom, releasing MY favourite hits Rhapsody and We Are The Champions, anthems boosted by the group’s superb guitar work and dramatic vocals. By then Queen had become a global phenomenon and Mercury had become one of the world’s most popular rock stars. 

Queen played their famous Live Aid set at Wembley in 1985. Mercury sang on stage, and the band delivered a flawless bracket of music that captivated the audience and history books. Few concerts carried the emotional power and legendary status of the Live Aid performance; this wasn’t just a rock concert, it was a once-off music moment.

Freddie kept his struggle with AIDS a secret, denying his status to the press and not telling the truth even to his band. He was first reported to have sought medical help for the virus in 1982, but wasn’t officially diagnosed until 1987, while his meteoric music career was apparently still in full swing. He died from AIDS-related bronchial pneumonia, just after the public announcement.

The most significant concert after Mercury's death was The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness, to be held April 1992 at Wembley Stadium. Harvey Goldsmith promoted the concert. Rehearsals were held at Nomis Studios London and at Wembley Stadium in early April 1992.

The tribute featured the surviving Queen members (Brian May, Roger Taylor, John Deacon) with many other major artists. Queen assigned their songs to the list of great artists, having decided beforehand which singers would sound best on each track. The artists included Metallica and Guns N' Roses, George Michael, Elton John, Liza Minnelli, David Bowie and others.

Though 75,000 people filled Wembley Stadium, 1+ billion people watched globally. In July 1992, this concert has been voted the greatest live concert, back then. 75+ of the biggest acts in rock & roll performed that night, the concert lasting 4.5 hours! To read the list of performers and songs, and the photos, look up Smooth Radio.

Freddie and Queen totally stole the show! They celebrated Mercury's life and raised £20 million for AIDS research. It was broadcast live worldwide, and watched by c1 billion people. The proceeds from the concert were used to launch the Mercury Phoenix Trust, minus the monies used for travel accommodations for stars.

72,000 tickets were sold for that night. A live tv broadcast was produced by Jim Beach, directed by David Mallet and broadcast to 70 nations. One billion people were estimated to have watched the concert live on television.

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George Michael with Queen

The 1992 crowd at Wembley

 

When I replayed the concert programme many years later, the crowd reception was an unforgettable mix of profound sadness and triumphant celebration. I have been to many public concerts in my life, but never was a concert so characterised by endless energy and an outpouring of love for Mercury and his music. The audience was deeply moved, singing along with an almost explosive sound during Freddie's songs, treating it as a celebration of his life and a call to action to prevent AIDS.

The atmosphere was electric, making it an unforgettable event for those present and those viewers overseas. The general consensus was that George Michael’s version of Somebody to Love was the most brilliant. For me the performance of Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen, Elton John and Axl Rose, was the most moving.

Was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert world's greatest rock concert ever? No, Queen's iconic performance at Live Aid in July 1985 has been named the world's greatest, in an industry poll. But of course the personal participation of Mercury made the 1985 concert very special, and the clear model for the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992.

World's most liveable city. Hello Vienna!

The Global Liveability Survey is a measure of urban quality of life, published annually by the Economist Intelligence Unit/EIU. The EIU is a multi-nat­ional media company based in London, best known as publish­er of The Economist 

baroque Plaque Column, Vienna

1679. Bing

Vienna kohlmarkt

The survey assesses 140 of the world’s major cities in fixed cat­egories, stab­ility, education, universal health care, public trans­port, culture and envir­on­ment. Cities were scored out of 100, with the avail­ability of goods and services pushing scores up and pers­onal risk (guns, terrorism) pushing down.

In 2010 & 2011, Vancouver remained in top position. Even in 2014, 2015 and 2016, the top cities have remained amazingly constant, scoring VERY closely:

1 Melbourne; 
2 Vienna;
3 Vancouver;
4 Toronto;
5 Calgary;
6 Sydney;
7 Helsinki;
8 Perth; 
9 Adelaide;
10: Auckland.

Australian and Canadian cities did best, capturing 7 of the top 10 spots. So why did the world’s most powerful cities not score well? Global business centres (cities with 8+ mill­ion) eg New York, London, Paris and Tokyo were victims of their own size, with strained public transport, higher crime rates and crowd­ing. London ranked 53rd! In addition, The Economist Intelligence Unit show­ed Europe scores had been pushed down a bit by the euro-zone crisis.

The report concluded the best scoring cities were mid-sized cities (2-4 mill) in weal­thier countries with a relatively low population density. Cities with a significant proportion of their area allocated to green parkland did well, as did cities with Olympic Games-standard sporting facilities.

But some disagree that the successful cities were equally live­able for all residents eg The Victorian Council of Social Ser­­vice said Melbourne's top ranking failed to recognise the growing disparity between those who can afford to live where the services and jobs are, and those who have to live in areas of high unemployment, expensive housing and very long public transport commutes. [NB aggr­eg­ated stats lose individual differences in overall results].

The same Global Liveability Survey listed Damascus Syria as the least liveable cities in the Aug 2015 index, although Harare Zimbabwe, Dhaka Bangladesh, Tripoli Libya, Lagos Nigeria and Port Moresby PNG were close. But that too can change. Ongoing conflicts in Syria, Ukraine and Libya might have been predicted, but totally unexpected tragedies in France, Belgium, Tunisia, Ukraine and Gaza were not predict­ab­le. In Athens, governmental austerity reduced employment and reduced the provision of public services.

European cities dominated the top 10 positions in the Quality of Living Rankings, with Vienna remaining in the No.1 spot and Zurich, Geneva, Munich, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt and Copenhagen coming in the top 10. How could the Mercer results be so different from the Glob­al Liveability Survey results, in the same year? Because this American global human resource and fin­an­c­ial firm, is more infl­uenced by business concerns eg currency exch­ange regulations, banking services, housing costs and consumer goods.

The Economist Intelligence Unit is a British business providing fore­casting and advisory services through research and analysis, includ­ing country, industry and management analyses world-wide. It has pub­lished an annual Global Liveability Ranking which began in 2004. The Unit ranks cities for their urb­an quality of life, based on assess­ments across five categories: stability, infrastructure, healthcare and culture, education and environment.

With Melbourne winning the world title for the many previous years, it may come as a surprise to Australians that in 2018 Vienna for the first time topped the EIU’s Global Liveability Index. The diff­eren­ces between the top 30 cities in this index were small. Vienna and Melbourne were VERY close in the index of 140 urban cen­tres for years, and are still separated by less than a point.

In 2018, Vienna was the World's Most Liveable City, the results being: 1. Vienna Austria; 2. Melbourne Australia; 3. Osaka Japan; 4. Calgary Canada; 5. Sydney Aus; 6. Vancouver Canada; 7. Toronto Canada, Tokyo Japan; 9. Copen­hagen Denmark and 10. Adelaide Aus. Vienna and Melbourne saw an improve­ment in their score this year, scoring maximum points in health-care, educ­ation and infra­structure. But while Melbourne extended its lead in the cult­ure and environment component, that was out­weighed by Vienna’s improved stability ranking. Os­aka's impro­ved in public traffic, as well as a consistent dec­line in crime rates, contributed to Osaka’s im­p­roved ratings in infra­structure and stability categories.

Osaka, Calgary and Sydney filled the top 5 positions. The EIU be­lieved the survey usually favoured medium-sized cities in wealthy countries, of­ten with relatively low population densities. Larger, more crowd­ed cities tended to have higher crime rates and more strained infrast­ruc­ture.

Australia and Can­ada achieved great liveability results, as expect­ed. Melbourne (98.4%), Sydney (97.4%) and Adelaide were joined by Calgary (97.5%), Vancouver (97.3%) and Toronto (97.2%) in the Top Ten. But apart from Vien­na, only one other European city achieved a great rating. This was Copen­hagen, 9th place at 96.8%. Helsinki and Ham­burg, who held Top Ten places last year, dropped out.

Green spaces are important. 50% of Vienna comprises green areas, parklands and gardens that can be reached on foot or by tram. Mel­bourne has huge public parks and wide, tree-lined boul­evards. Vancouver has its harbour setting, with beaut­iful parks and gardens. Copenhagen has fine Botanical and Tivoli facilities.

Now examine January Magazine's published results of The 2020 Best Countries Report which was part of US News’ Government Rank­ings init­iative, measuring government performance at the state and inter­national levels.

Overall Best Countries results 2020
1. Switzerland
2. Canada
3. Japan
4. Germany
5. Australia
6. United Kingdom
7. United States
8. Sweden
9. Netherlands
10. Norway and New Zealand

Regarding Switzerland, the report emphasised that “Switzerland has low unemp­loyment, a skilled labour force and one of the highest gross domestic products per capita in the world, according to the CIA World Factbook. The country’s strong economy was powered by low corporate tax rates, a highly-developed service sector led by financial services and a high-tech manufacturing industry.”

Citizens painted a bleak picture when asked about nations’ trust­­worth­in­ess. While the US was seen as the most powerful country in the wor­ld, it was not seen as trustworthy. Can­ada was seen as the most trustworthy country, and has been since the first Best Count­ries re­port in 2016. During the same time, perceptions of the US as being trust­worthy steadily drop­­ped to a record low of 16.3 on a 100-point scale. As did UK also fall in this attribute

There was global consensus about climate change’s effects, 87% agr­eeing it was serious. Of the 36 countries surveyed, people in Rus­sia agreed about climate change the least (71%), and Indonesia ag­reed the most (97%) with Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa. Only 60% agreed their country addressed climate change.

For Quality of Life in 2022
1. Canada
2. Denmark
3. Sweden
4. Norway
5. Australia
6. Netherlands
7. Switzerland
8. New Zealand
9. Finland
10. Germany

Since 2012 the World Happiness Report has published World's Most Liveable Cities in an annual survey ran by the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Solutions Network. The survey ranks global happiness in countries globally and the World Happin­ess Report’s most imp­ortant source has always been the Gallup World Poll, unique in the range and com­parability of its global series of annual surveys. The Gal­lup World Poll prov­ide the basis for the an­nual happiness rankings have always drawn in readers who want to know how their nation is faring but soon become curious about the secrets of life in the happ­iest countries. Right from the outset, we received very favour­able terms from Gallup and the very best of treatment. Gallup resear­ch­ers have also contrib­uted to the content of several World Happin­ess Reports. The value of this part­ner­ship was recognised by two Better­ment of the Human Conditions Awards from the Society for Quality of Life Studies. Although the statisticians typically base the ranking on data from the Gallup World Poll, this year was a bit differ­ent. Since the researchers were unable to do face-to-face in­terviews in a number of countries, they focused on the relation­ship between well-being and Covid-19 in order to rank the countries.

“Surprisingly there was not, on average, a decline in well-being when measured by people’s own evaluation of their lives. A possible explan­ation is that people see Covid-19 as a common, outside threat affecting everybody and this has generated a greater sense of solidarity and fellow-feeling.”

We need urgently to learn from Covid-19. The pandemic reminds us of our global environmental threats, the urgent need to cooperate, and the difficulties of achieving cooperation in each country and glob­al­ly. The World Happiness Report 2021 reminds us that we must aim for wellbeing rather than mere wealth, which will be fleeting indeed if we don’t do a much better job of addressing the challenges of sustainable development.”

Adelaide

Melbourne

Osaka

Vancouver

It's official! In 2021 Finland is the Happiest Country in the world for the 4th year running. So where did other countries fall on the list this year? Norway slipped a bit this year, coming in at #8. Last year, Norway was at #5, and in 2019, Norway was in the top three overall. United Kingdom slipped 4 spots from 2020, coming in at #18, while Germany is at 7—up 10 spots. Another big leap was Croatia, which rose to 23 this year, up from #79 in 2020.

One of the countries that had a challenging time this past year—China—made the top 20 in 2021, coming in at number 19. It was a dramatic leap from last year, when China was at 94. But the researchers, who took a deep dive into the lessons learned in Asia, weren’t surprised. “The East Asian experience shows that stringent government policies not only control Covid-19 effectively, but also buffer the negative impact of daily infections on people’s happiness,” said the Korea Development Institute.

There were similar success rates in Australia, which ranked #12 and New Zealand at #9 “The evidence shows that people’s morale improves when the government acts,” says the editors. Besides the happiest countries in the world, the Happiness Report also looked at the places where people are the most miserable. This year, countries like Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Jordan were ranked as some of the unhappiest countries in the world.

Vienna was named the world's most liveable city in 2024 for the 3rd year running, according to the EIU's latest results. Two Can­adian cit­ies (Calgary, Vancouver) and 4 in Asia-Pacific (Melbourne, Sydney, Osaka,Auckland) completed the top 10. 

The 2020 Best Countries methodology used data gathered from a sur­vey of 20,000 business leaders; college educated individuals; and general citizens who were repres­ent­ative of their count­ry. The goal of the Best Countries report was to understand how global perceptions are related to investment, foreign trade and tourism of a nation. But Best Count­ries should also measure peace for the re­sidents, democracy, universal health care, adequate social housing, unemployment rates, free schooling for all children.

Beyond the essential ideas of broad access to food and housing, to quality education and health care and employment, the Quality of Life measure may also include intangibles such as job security, political stability, individual freedom and environmental quality.

And I have another question. Does cultural diversity add to a city’s overall liveability? If GIU could measure cultural div­ersity (eg the proportion of a city’s population born overseas), Toronto might maximise its score. But then if climate was one of the included catagories, Toronto might go down the list a tad and Barcelona might go up the little.

Maria Anna & Wolfgang Mozart: 2 geniuses?

Until she was 16, Maria Anna Mozart (1751-1829) shared equal billing with her brother Wolfgang Mozart (1756-91), 5 years younger. Musical partners and collaborators, Wolfgang and Maria Anna played music together before royalty, and were the talk of Europe. So what happened to her?

Wolfgang (L) and sister Maria Anna (R) were devoted to each other and ?co-writers of Wolfgang’s earliest work. 
FrontRowCentre

Maria Anna was the first child of Leopold Mozart, a musician and composer who had his daughter musically educated from a young age. Maria showed great talent, a child prodigy in both composing and playing. When Wolfgang was young, he was quickly engrossed in playing music with his sister. The film featured emotional images of this childhood bond, emphasising the siblings’ cooperation with music. Leopold recognised his children’s unusual talents; he soon had them travelling and playing concerts to the European aristocracy.

According to a new film Mozart’s Sister (2012), imagined the Mozart family's tiring life on the road from 1763 on, travelling by coach from one royal court to another. Together the wonder-children toured most of Europe. Contemporary reviews praised Maria, and she was even billed first on promotional posters. As a child, there was no issue with performing for an audience. But skilled singer, harpsichord player and violinist nicknamed Nannerl, was first seen as the family's infant prodigy. In the film, she was still performing, though increasingly side-lined by Wolfgang's growing fame. Her father bowed to social strictures for women, refusing to let her continue with violin or composing, while privately conceding Nannerl's talent to his wife. The teen fretted about her career prospects, but was forced to retire at age 17, was left at home, and was never to play in public again.

Having been forced to withdraw from public life because she was now a woman, the film explored how she was retired by dad Leopold and what happened to her music. She had been a musical prodigy just like her younger brother Wolfgang, so naturally she retained her love of music.

The two Mozart siblings, 

The Conversation

An amazing new discovery of her creative work is being uncovered through historians, musicologists, letters between siblings and other evidence. If confirmed, this new evidence suggests she may have contributed to her brother’s earliest works; a global search for her own works continues. The musical-mystery story unfolded around the world with historians following why her lost talent may have been hidden all this time.

This film came at a time, 2012, when many people were reassessing the nature of female authorship in the arts. The Mozart case was not an oddity. There were many other examples of women whose talent was obscured OR completely lost. Many people analysed the less well-known female creators of today, composers, musicians and conductors, as well as the very low rates of female participation in classical music today. In 2020-21 season a survey of the top 100 global orchestras found 5% of works were composed by women!

Writer René Féret's film was partly a feminist reclaiming of one of history's lost women, plus a revisionist version of Mozart's early life. The issues commanded attention, including a clear sense of the hardship and bitterness Mozart Sr put his family through. Marc Barbé and Delphine Chuillot were Léopold and Anna-Maria Mozart, the parents who put their children through a gruelling continental tour. Their 10-year-old Wolfgang/David Moreau was remarkable.

The person who felt all this most keenly was Mozart's elder sister, Nannerl, played by the writer’s daughter Marie Féret. She was reduced to the status of Wolfgang's accompanist, despite being a talented musician and having, she claimed, contributed to her brother's compositions. Then a quirk of fate led to her friendship with the King's younger daughter Louise, played by another Féret daughter, Lisa Féret. The exchanges between Louise and Nannerl were sometimes tough. But the two sisters’ performances had a kind of rugged authenticity that attracted.

Maria Anna and Wolfgang at piano, and parents Leopold and Anna Maria;

by Austrian artist Johann Nepomuk della Croce,
c1780; Mozart House, Salzburg. Wiki 

Maria Anna and Wolfgang were inseparable and often composed together. But this ended when Maria Anna turned 17. For women musicians in C18th, it was thought unseemly for a girl to perform in public, likening this public performance to that of a prostitute. Regardless of their skill, these women wouldn’t have any career prospects. They were even banned from playing musical instruments deemed unseemly eg violin and cello. Even though this was during the Enlightenment, any enlightenment was reserved for white men only. Definitely not to women! Yet Wolfgang continued pursuing music at will. Maria Anna’s musical talents weren’t even encouraged at home. Her life was only illustrated through her diary entries, which ware mainly filled with ordinary family events.

Maria Anna married Johann Baptist von Berchtold zu Sonnenburg in 1783 and had 3 children . They moved to St Gilgen in Austria near the Mozart family home in Salzburg, and continued to practise music daily. On her husband’s death in 1801, and now with an income and a title (baroness) in her 50s, she returned to solo concerts.

Mozart’s Sister was a documentary that functioned on several levels. A] It was a biopic that portrayed Maria Anna’s story by recreating her childhood. The narration and interviews highlighted her relationship with her brother. It was filmed in Austria and framed by present-day museum curators and experts. B] The film was a broader statement on the non-appearance of female composers.

Director Madeleine Hetherton-Miau’s created a hard-hitting documentary. The film offered a well-researched investigation into Maria Anna’s life, showing how the draconian attitudes that prevailed in her time condemned her to a lesser life than Wolfgang, even though she was equally talented. It also reminded of the importance of championing women musicians today, to avoid discrimination being repeated. The director was excellent in portraying this duality via the contrast of Maria Anna’s path with the brilliant young British composer Alma Deustger (b2005). Deustger has great skills in composing and conducting, but she was able to pursue her passion and make it her career. The film used a recent literary trend i.e discussions of how talented women in history were overshadowed by their more famous male equals, then overlooked totally.

Crafti's great beach-houses: Australia

Years ago, when our children were young, we wanted a small, cheap holiday home near the beach on Victoria’s coast. It had to be in 2 hours drive of our suburban home.

Basin Beach House with sweeping, curved roof, Sydney
architect Peter Stutchbury, 

in Wallpaper.com

Victorian Coastal Holidays was helpful. Special holiday homes can be found on Phillip Island, Bass Coast and Mornington Peninsular. From spectacular water views, proximity to beautiful beaches, fishing spots, it is all available. From the Island homes, enjoy some of Victoria’s best surf and swimming beaches, and one of the State’s most popular fishing locations. It's Australia’s home of motorcycle racing and is also one of the nation’s most popular family areas, with activities for children AND adults eg famous Phillip Island Penguin Parade, The Nobbies, Seal Rocks, Koala Sanctuary Treetop Walk and other famous wildlife attractions. From the Mornington Peninsular homes, there is easy access to the local beautiful beaches, Peninsular Hot Springs, Mornington wineries and other pleasures.

So finding our cheap, small holiday home was easy, our only requirements being a] 2 proper bedrooms & a kitchen-family room, and b] the back of the house facing the ocean.

Since then, I have found and read books about C21st beach houses, written by Stephen Crafti during the last 25 years. He wrote and featured stunning full colour photography. Australians and New Zealanders are drawn to the coast. Whether it's a fancy abode or a simple fibro shack, the sound of the surf and the feel of sand beneath one's feet are very appealing. The beach house book featured 50 architect-designed homes on the coast. From the simple to the monumental, the closeness to the beach was very appealing.

Family room looking onto the ocean

Even in less than spectacular homes, the windows framed the spectacular views

In Beach Houses: Australia And New Zealand 

While many of the homes were lavish, others simply framed the great views. In this book the author explored the evolution of the once humble abode, from the fibro shack to architecturally engineered homes that now dot the coastline. See 50 beautiful architect-designed homes.

The Beach House book by Crafti featured 50 architect-designed homes along the coast, leaving a lasting impression. While many of the homes featured were lavishly appointed, others simply framed the great views. Filled with photos of well-designed beach houses around the world, Crafti might fill a dream of having one’s own seaside home.

While many of the homes featured in the book are lavish, others simply frame the spectacular views ahead. From the best-selling 21st Century Series, 200+ vibrant full colour pages capture the seaside splendour of over 50 architect-designed homes.

Volume I of Beach Houses showed a diverse collection of Australian and N.Z coastal retreats. The beach house had long played a major role for Australians and New Zealanders’ summer activities, but design was often of secondary importance. Only more recently has the beach house evolved into an architect-designed sanctuary for a family, with breathtaking surrounds and comfortable living.

Looking out to the veranda
In Contemporary Beach Houses Down Under 

In Volume 4 of Beach Houses, Crafti again selected some superb beach homes in a variety of locations. There has never been as much demand among hard working people for places to get away from it all. Once the beach-side site has been selected, architects are the next port of call in the quest for a coastal dream home. Crafti walked the reader through a fine collection of architect-designed beach homes; permanent homes, weekenders, luxury sites and some like the traditional beach shack.

The 5th book of the series was dedicated to beach houses and showcases almost every kind of modern style. This is a great coffee table book with appeal to lovers of architecture and the beach, from an Australian architecture and design writer. Filled with stunning shots of well-designed beach houses around the world, Stephen Crafti's latest tome helped readers dream of having their own seaside dwelling.

A Pocketful of Beach Houses offered 50+ examples of residential beach architecture, including great projects from top Australian and N.Z architects. Superb architect-designed homes, which in many cases have been adapted to harsh beachside environments, were explained and illustrated with beautiful photos, plans and descriptive text. Note stunning ocean views, dune views and impeccable architectural design for beach living.

Another fine collection of beach architecture is Beach Houses Down Under -  stunning ocean views, dunes, seaside flora, and salty air are almost palpable! Crafti again selected some superb architect designed homes, both normal homes and holiday houses, in a wide variety of beach locations.

Many architects were seen: Glenn Murcutt, Harry Seidler, Pete Bossley, Architectus, Craig Moller, McBride Charles Ryan, Kerstin Thompson, Brit Anderson, McGauran Soon, Lindsay Clare, Cox Richardson and others. All projects reflected fine contemporary architecture in a diversity of beach locations: from environmentally sensitive designs, to sumptuous seaside homes and luxurious clifftop residences.

Pole House view over the ocean, Great Ocean Rd Vic

Designed by Frank Dixon 1978

Pinterest

Pole House, minimalist interior

40 metres above the beach

Realestate

Crafti wrote many books for The Images Publishing Group. Full of ideas for the aspiring designer, renovator or builder, they showed lovely locations in Australia and N.Z that complemented fine contemporary architecture. Find many books, including Beach Houses of Australia and New Zealand (2000), Beach Houses (2004), Contemporary Beach Houses Down Under (2008), Beach Houses Down Under (2009) and A Pocketful of Beach Houses (2009).

Great Ocean Road House Victoria, by architect Rob Mills
Est living 

Second Home: A Different Way of Living
Barnes and Noble, 2023